Harlem Renaissance Poets Analysis Essay Example For Students

Harlem Renaissance Poets Analysis Essay The Harlem Renaissance, 2011)Democracy: By Longboats Hughes Democracy won't oblige, this long ever Through trade off and dread. have as much right As the other individual hast Stanton my two feet And own the land. tire so of hearing individuals state, Let things take their course. Tomorrow is one more day. needn't bother with my opportunity when Im dead. can't live on tomorrows bread. Opportunities a solid independent an incredible need. live here, as well. need opportunities as you. In this sonnet you can see the twofold awareness being communicated in the longing of the possibility of Freedom. As an American and as a Black man outwardly glancing in, the line l live here, as well. I need opportunity Just as you begs that there is no contrast among himself and some other American. He longs for the acknowledgment to come. Included Culled was an innovator in the Harlem Renaissance. He distributed four volumes of verse during his time, just as short stories, a novel, and compositions for theater. Had a grieved youth, brimming with relinquishment. His compositions praised dark magnificence and hated bigotry and its belongings CITATION Couch 1033 (Counted Culled, 2014)From a Dark Tree We will not generally plant while others repaper brilliant addition of blasting fruit,Not consistently face, degraded and mute,That lesser men should hold their siblings cheap;Not everlastingly while others sleepwalk we boggle their appendages with smooth flute,Not consistently twist to some increasingly unobtrusive brute;We ere not made to unceasingly sob. The night whose sable bosom eases the stark,White stars is no less beautiful being dark,And there are buds that can't sprout at Allan light, yet fold, forsaken, and fall;So in obscurity we conceal the heart that bleeds,And pause, and tend our horrifying seeds. From a The twofold cognizance that is being communicated in this sonnet is appeared in the outflow of the magnificence and misery in the nature around him. This is particularly strong in the line White stars is no less flawless being dim, basically saying that dark skin is as lovely as white kinfolk and ought to be acknowledged thusly. The basic subject in the verse of the Harlem Renaissance is a basic longing to be acknowledged into standard society, not as inferiors, yet as equivalents. The affirmation of the magnificence of the African American and the acknowledgment as Patriotic equivalents is a line that seems to go through these sonnets. Raised and Repressed I raise my arms and give a yell A humble man, I am honored I remain on a dirt of opportunity Gained by progenitors unrepressed And to my knees I fall Surrendering my poise To anothers beck and call Furthermore, know somewhere down in my heart That the opportunity of which he and I likewise speak Are regularly completely different. - Holly Gaston Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyd, N. (2014). The Harlem Renaissance: Novels and Poetry from the Jazz Age. Recovered from Education Portal: http://instruction gateway. Com/institute/Counted Culled. (2014). Recovered from Poem Hunter Treasure Hunter: http://www. Pentameter. Com/checked winnowed/life story/The Harlem Renaissance. (2011). Recovered from History of the Harlem Renaissance: http://historyoftheharlemrenaissance. Webby. Com/list. HTML

Unforgettable Trials free essay sample

After the thirty-minute vessel ride, the nine different Americans and I showed up in the little, yet excellent angling town of Balawing. We were still in the primary seven day stretch of our fourteen day church summer crucial to the Philippines, and were having fun in a totally depleted sort of way. Right when we ventured out of the pontoon, huge numbers of the poor occupant families welcomed us in the Philippine national language, Tagalog, which just four of our gathering could scarcely talk. We had gone to the island to pass out gave apparel, toys, and medication, just as to make a solid floor for their little church. Simply glancing around, I realized it is difficult to remain and help there †the correspondence issue was entirely apparent, and no place in sight were beds for us to stay in bed, open bathrooms or showers to utilize, or even solid blend to make the floor with. We will compose a custom article test on Extraordinary Trials or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Fortunately, we carried little tents with us, and there were a couple of interpreters there for us. The locals helped us convey our stuff to where we would set up our tents, grinning the entire time as they helped us. As we set up our tents, a considerable lot of the youngsters lounged around us, timidly viewing. For a large portion of them, this was the first occasion when they had seen individuals who didn’t communicate in their language †we resembled big names to them. At the point when we wrapped setting up the tents and placing our stuff in them, the folks in our gathering went option to work making sense of how we would make the solid. Different young ladies and I chose we’d play with the children, however we weren’t very sure how to begin. We chose to play tag with them, so one young lady in our gathering ran up and labeled one of them. They quickly got on and we had an extraordinary round of tag, despite the fact that we couldn’t even speak wi th one another. We played until supper was served, which comprised of fish (eyeballs, scales, and all), colossal shrimp, and rice, with coconut milk to drink. I scarcely contacted my food, with the exception of the rice, as I’m very little of a trial eater, and afterward went to my tent, as I was amazingly depleted. That night it poured more enthusiastically than I have ever experienced downpour in my life! I could hear thunder surrounding us and the downpour beat on our haven. The water spilled through the sides of our tents, dousing our garments and camping cots. I in the long run nodded off, yet in what felt like just a couple of moments later I woke up to certain children snickering outside my tent. We just remained in the town of Balawing for three days, however it felt like at any rate three weeks. The entire thing was perhaps the greatest test that I have ever experienced in my life. I for all intents and purposes starved from eating scarcely anything, making due on coconut milk and seared bananas. I rested in a tent outside during a genuine tropical storm. My lone showers were from super cold basins. I blended heaps of mud and shakes along with a scoop to make concrete. Every night I just got a couple of long stretches of rest. In any case, the experience was really astounding. I helped make creature inflatables for kids so as to show them God’s creation. I for one educated around fifty children to play Duck Goose without communicating in their language. A few children showed me a Tagalog little kids’ game and melody that I despite everything recollect now. I had the option to impart my confidence to certain young people through an interpreter. I siphoned water from an underground well. I began to look all starry eyed at some astonishing children that indicated me their one of a kind, brilliant characters without communicating in my language. I really moved up a coconut tree! The entire end of the week was an astounding encounter, and despite the fact that it was just a couple of days, it was my preferred piece of the entire fourteen day excursion to the Philippines. I experienced such huge numbers of preliminaries, and yet I had a fabulous time. I developed to truly adore the children I met and I will never under any circumstance overlook the experience.

Workshop in Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Workshop in Development Practice COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Kelly Heindel is a SIPA student who recently spent her spring break focusing on her Workshop in Development Practice course. I asked Kelly to talk about the project and to share some pictures. Thanks Kelly! One of the main reasons I decided to attend SIPA was for the Workshop in Development Practice course taught during the final semester of study.   Labeling the workshop as a course is a bit misleading.   It is more of an experience.   As the student services office explains, “Officially, it is a spring-semester course for second-year masters degree students in the EPD program, but workshop activities begin in the fall semester through the course on Methods for Development Practice.” After gaining a firm understanding of the current methods and theories for development, students are placed in consulting teams of 4-6 people and assigned a client.   Clients are typically UN agencies, NGOs, or private firms working on corporate social responsibility projects.   The client chooses an assignment for the team that can include, evaluation of ongoing organizational activities, designing a monitoring and evaluation system for a current project, recommendations for improvement or sustainability of a development initiative, and many more. My team’s client is the International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR).   IIRR uses a participatory development approach or “people-centered method” by working directly with local NGOs to build the capacity of communities to overcome challenges such as poverty and natural disasters.   One of their newest initiatives has been a community managed disaster risk reduction project on Nias Island in Indonesia.   Nias Island was greatly affected by the tsunami and earthquake in 2004 and 2005, and is still trying to rebuild physically but also economically. Over 80 UN agencies and other NGOs descended upon the island after the disasters, but most have since left.   IIRR is attempting to fill this gap by helping a local NGO, Caritas Keuskupan Sibolga (CKS), build the capacity of local communities to reduce their vulnerability to disasters through environmental management, livelihood generation, and community organizational activities. Our consulting team is conducting an independent evaluation of this project to determine the effectiveness and relevance of this approach on Nias Island.   The evaluation is a semester long project and includes a total of four weeks of field research where we conducted surveys, focus groups, and interviews with the local staff and beneficiaries of the project to inform our evaluation and subsequent recommendations. At the end of the semester we will present our findings to IIRR’s executive board and also to faculty and students at SIPA.   Being able to take classroom teachings directly out into the field is really a unique experience.   While stressful at times, the workshop has been extremely rewarding and has assisted in shaping my career goals.

An Ethical Dilemma About Abortion Essay - 1496 Words

At some point in every person’s life they will be faced with some sort of dilemma that tests their morals and values. They will encounter a situation that forces them to weigh the good and bad against beliefs they have held their entire life and make a decision that could affect their life forever. Those core beliefs are what influences the person’s decisions, their sense of right and wrong as well as their perceptions about every situation they face. This paper will evaluate an ethical dilemma about abortion in relation to the Christian worldview s core beliefs and offer solutions and benefits based on those beliefs as well as how other worldviews may address the issue. Ethical Dilemma The case that is being evaluated is about a woman named Susan that is considering abortion. She finally becomes pregnant after years of trying but quickly finds out through a blood test that the baby has Down syndrome. Her career has become successful and important to her so she does not want to give it up but wants to obtain a healthy balance between family and work. Struggling with the decision and not completely comfortable with abortion, she seeks the advice of Richard, an evolutionary biologist who has dedicated his career to human potential and decreasing human suffering. He tells her that abortion may be the best option because it will prevent further human suffering to both the baby and her. There is no easy answer to this dilemma because it involves either terminating a humanShow MoreRelatedAbortion Ethical Dilemma1643 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion Ethical Dilemma An 18 year old girl gets pregnant and can’t decide whether to keep the baby or have an abortion. Her parents are very religious and do not believe in sex before marriage therefore would not take to kindly to their daughter being pregnant. She does not want to kill her unborn child but feels like there is no other option besides having an abortion. There are many reasons that one would decide upon getting an abortion and againstRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma On Abortion1703 Words   |  7 PagesMuldrow CWV-101 6/22/15 Professor James Waddell Ethical Dilemma on Abortion There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwideRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas in the world today such as euthanasia, performance enhancing drugs, pornography, abortion and more. Someone’s worldview is often a big contributor in the decisions they make in regards to the dilemma. Abortion is one of today’s most contested ethical dilemmas (Beattie, 2011). Susan is a mother that is debating whether she should have an abortion or not. Her ethical dilemma case will be analyzed and compared from a Christian worldview p erspective and other worldly perspectivesRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Drug Company s Regional Sales Manager1748 Words   |  7 Pagescan be hard to make a decision, especially when an ethical dilemma is involved. Ethical dilemmas pose a challenge because there is good to be found with both choices. The problem arises when one’s personal ethics are challenged. This paper will discuss an ethical dilemma with which a drug company’s regional sales manager was faced. It will discuss: the case and explain the ethical dilemma; the four functions of management; ethical issues; ethical relativism; four values; case resolutions; and ChristianRead MoreCode Of Conduct, Care Values And Anti Discriminatory Practices1640 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay is about a dilemma of a nurse and a patient in relation to family issues and beliefs that reflects code of conduct, care values and anti - discriminatory practices, including Deontologist’s and Utilitarian’s view . Dilemma; A 12 years old girl is 22weeks pregnant and decides to have an abortion. Her parents are very religious and do not believe in sex before marriage, and would not be happy to know that their 12 years old daughter is pregnant. The girl confides in a nurse who happens toRead MoreEthical Dilemm People Face Ethical Dilemmas943 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemma Essay People face ethical dilemmas every day. This brings to light what one’s personal ethics are based on. According to the lecture, â€Å"In a CWV ethics are grounded in absolute and universal moral principles that have been given by God. In modern culture, moral standards are subjective and based upon personal preference† (Lecture 16). In this essay a case study will be given and solutions to the dilemma will be given from two different worldviews. The ethical dilemma I have chosenRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Humanity1455 Words   |  6 PagesHumanity faces many ethical dilemmas in their daily lives. The ethical dilemma a person faces on what is morally right or wrong depending on their worldview and their core beliefs. Sometimes in our lives we make the right or wrong decisions, and we later face the consequences that come with it that we are unaware of. Some of the decisions that a person makes, is based on their ethical dilemma, and can significantly affect their fu ture emotionally, physically, mentally, and spiritually. One exampleRead MoreEthics: Nursing and Abortion1645 Words   |  7 PagesProposal The Ethics for Nurses in Abortion Procedures Working in the field of abortion isn’t an easy task furthermore participating in the abortion procedures. But the field of nursing you have to follow a code of ethics, a set of rules and regulation. Nurses have their personal opinions about abortion, but because they are health professionals and their opinions are sought as such, they are obligated to understand why they hold certain views. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they doRead MoreToo Many Abortions in Canada830 Words   |  3 Pagesperformed abortion with a number of 28,765 recorded in year 2010 (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2014, p.2). Majority of the women getting abortion is between the ages of 20-24 years old. The Canadian Medical Associations abortion policy defines abortion as the active termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks in gestation. Canada does not have an abortion law, so abortion is governed by the same legislation as other medical procedures (Women’s Care Clinic, 2004). Abortion is oneRead More Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who

Security Issues Of The Arab Spring Movement - 2310 Words

Security Issues in Syria This essay will examine how festering and fermenting animosity between Sunni and Shia factions in the region embroils issues of food security and human security with the security issues found in conflict generally. Security is a looking-glass that puts different things as priorities for whomever in question is looking. The security concerns of Bashar al-Assad are different to those of the Free Syrian Army, Jabhat al-Nusra or the Islamic State. While these actors- and there are more than just those three- are actively engaged in conflict with fiscal and military support from NATO, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Russia security issues will blossom for civilians in the region and globally. There is a long and complex history†¦show more content†¦The Alawite Assad family has based its power for more than four decades on the solid loyalty of its religious bloc in a loose alliance with Christians, Druze, and, sometimes, one or more of the other smaller, ethnic groups. A prominent feature of the 2011–12 rebellion is a largely Sunni Arab bid to overthrow that â€Å"coalition of minorities† regime. (Carpenter, 2013: 1-2) One cannot talk about Syria without talking about the region as a whole. Since the end of the Cold War three Western led ground operations in the Middle East have been added massive strain to societies still recovering from centuries of colonialism and the authoritarian regimes that followed the colonial era. Western interference and intervention did not cease with the independence of nation-states in the region as the numerous wars and propping up of authoritarian regimes since 1945 can attest to. The establishment of the Israeli state following World War Two has caused multiple conflicts in the region, as have longstanding animosity between Iran and Arab nations and the Iran-Iraq war. Resource Wars and Post-Colonialism Resource wars are violent conflicts fought over vital materials, the Middle East region contains some of the largest producers of petroleum and natural gas, the market for these resources however is global. As energy security forms a core part of the national

Digital Fortress Chapter 4 Free Essays

The crypto door beeped once, waking Susan from her depressing reverie. The door had rotated past its fully open position and would be closed again in five seconds, having made a complete 360-degree rotation. Susan gathered her thoughts and stepped through the opening. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now A computer made note of her entry. Although she had practically lived in Crypto since its completion three years ago, the sight of it still amazed her. The main room was an enormous circular chamber that rose five stories. Its transparent, domed ceiling towered 120 feet at its central peak. The Plexiglas cupola was embedded with a polycarbonate mesh-a protective web capable of withstanding a two-megaton blast. The screen filtered the sunlight into delicate lacework across the walls. Tiny particles of dust drifted upward in wide unsuspecting spirals-captives of the dome’s powerful deionizing system. The room’s sloping sides arched broadly at the top and then became almost vertical as they approached eye level. Then they became subtly translucent and graduated to an opaque black as they reached the floor-a shimmering expanse of polished black tile that shone with an eerie luster, giving one the unsettling sensation that the floor was transparent. Black ice. Pushing through the center of the floor like the tip of a colossal torpedo was the machine for which the dome had been built. Its sleek black contour arched twenty-three feet in the air before plunging back into the floor below. Curved and smooth, it was as if an enormous killer whale had been frozen mid breach in a frigid sea. This was TRANSLTR, the single most expensive piece of computing equipment in the world-a machine the NSA swore did not exist. Like an iceberg, the machine hid 90 percent of its mass and power deep beneath the surface. Its secret was locked in a ceramic silo that went six stories straight down-a rocketlike hull surrounded by a winding maze of catwalks, cables, and hissing exhaust from the freon cooling system. The power generators at the bottom droned in a perpetual low-frequency hum that gave the acoustics in Crypto a dead, ghostlike quality. TRANSLTR, like all great technological advancements, had been a child of necessity. During the 1980s, the NSA witnessed a revolution in telecommunications that would change the world of intelligence reconnaissance forever-public access to the Internet. More specifically, the arrival of E-mail. Criminals, terrorists, and spies had grown tired of having their phones tapped and immediately embraced this new means of global communication. E-mail had the security of conventional mail and the speed of the telephone. Since the transfers traveled through underground fiber-optic lines and were never transmitted into the airwaves, they were entirely intercept-proof-at least that was the perception. In reality, intercepting E-mail as it zipped across the Internet was child’s play for the NSA’s techno-gurus. The Internet was not the new home computer revelation that most believed. It had been created by the Department of Defense three decades earlier-an enormous network of computers designed to provide secure government communication in the event of nuclear war. The eyes and ears of the NSA were old Internet pros. People conducting illegal business via E-mail quickly learned their secrets were not as private as they’d thought. The FBI, DEA, IRS, and other U.S. law enforcement agencies-aided by the NSA’s staff of wily hackers-enjoyed a tidal wave of arrests and convictions. Of course, when the computer users of the world found out the U.S. government had open access to their E-mail communications, a cry of outrage went up. Even pen pals, using E-mail for nothing more than recreational correspondence, found the lack of privacy unsettling. Across the globe, entrepreneurial programmers began working on a way to keep E-mail more secure. They quickly found one and public-key encryption was born. Public-key encryption was a concept as simple as it was brilliant. It consisted of easy-to-use, home-computer software that scrambled personal E-mail messages in such a way that they were totally unreadable. A user could write a letter and run it through the encryption software, and the text would come out the other side looking like random nonsense-totally illegible-a code. Anyone intercepting the transmission found only an unreadable garble on the screen. The only way to unscramble the message was to enter the sender’s â€Å"pass-key†-a secret series of characters that functioned much like a PIN number at an automatic teller. The pass-keys were generally quite long and complex; they carried all the information necessary to instruct the encryption algorithm exactly what mathematical operations to follow tore-create the original message. A user could now send E-mail in confidence. Even if the transmission was intercepted, only those who were given the key could ever decipher it. The NSA felt the crunch immediately. The codes they were facing were no longer simple substitution ciphers crackable with pencil and graph paper-they were computer-generated hash functions that employed chaos theory and multiple symbolic alphabets to scramble messages into seemingly hopeless randomness. At first, the pass-keys being used were short enough for the NSA’s computers to â€Å"guess.† If a desired pass-key had ten digits, a computer was programmed to try every possibility between 0000000000 and 9999999999. Sooner or later the computer hit the correct sequence. This method of trial-and-error guessing was known as â€Å"brute force attack.† It was time-consuming but mathematically guaranteed to work. As the world got wise to the power of brute-force code-breaking, the pass-keys started getting longer and longer. The computer time needed to â€Å"guess† the correct key grew from weeks to months and finally to years. By the 1990s, pass-keys were over fifty characters long and employed the full 256-character ASCII alphabet of letters, numbers, and symbols. The number of different possibilities was in the neighborhood of 10120-ten with 120 zeros after it. Correctly guessing a pass-key was as mathematically unlikely as choosing the correct grain of sand from a three-mile beach. It was estimated that a successful brute-force attack on a standard sixty-four-bit key would take the NSA’s fastest computer-the top-secret Cray/Josephson II-over nineteen years to break. By the time the computer guessed the key and broke the code, the contents of the message would be irrelevant. Caught in a virtual intelligence blackout, the NSA passed a top-secret directive that was endorsed by the President of the United States. Buoyed by federal funds and a carte blanche to do whatever was necessary to solve the problem, the NSA set out to build the impossible: the world’s first universal code-breaking machine. Despite the opinion of many engineers that the newly proposed code-breaking computer was impossible to build, the NSA lived by its motto: Everything is possible. The impossible just takes longer. Five years, half a million man-hours, and $1.9 billion later, the NSA proved it once again. The last of the three million, stamp-size processors was hand-soldered in place, the final internal programming was finished, and the ceramic shell was welded shut. TRANSLTR had been born. Although the secret internal workings of TRANSLTR were the product of many minds and were not fully understood by any one individual, its basic principle was simple: Many hands make light work. Its three million processors would all work in parallel-counting upward at blinding speed, trying every new permutation as they went. The hope was that even codes with unthinkably colossal pass-keys would not be safe from TRANSLTR’s tenacity. This multibillion-dollar masterpiece would use the power of parallel processing as well as some highly classified advances in clear text assessment to guess pass-keys and break codes. It would derive its power not only from its staggering number of processors but also from new advances in quantum computing-an emerging technology that allowed information to be stored as quantum-mechanical states rather than solely as binary data. The moment of truth came on a blustery Thursday morning in October. The first live test. Despite uncertainty about how fast the machine would be, there was one thing on which the engineers agreed-if the processors all functioned in parallel, TRANSLTR would be powerful. The question was how powerful. The answer came twelve minutes later. There was a stunned silence from the handful in attendance when the printout sprang to life and delivered the cleartext-the broken code. TRANSLTR had just located a sixty-four-character key in a little over ten minutes, almost a million times faster than the two decades it would have taken the NSA’s second-fastest computer. Led by the deputy director of operations, Commander Trevor J. Strathmore, the NSA’s Office of Production had triumphed. TRANSLTR was a success. In the interest of keeping their success a secret, Commander Strathmore immediately leaked information that the project had been a complete failure. All the activity in the Crypto wing was supposedly an attempt to salvage their $2 billion fiasco. Only the NSA elite knew the truth-TRANSLTR was cracking hundreds of codes every day. With word on the street that computer-encrypted codes were entirely unbreakable-even by the all-powerful NSA-the secrets poured in. Drug lords, terrorists, and embezzlers alike-weary of having their cellular phone transmissions intercepted-were turning to the exciting new medium of encrypted E-mail for instantaneous global communications. Never again would they have to face a grand jury and hear their own voice rolling off tape, proof of some long-forgotten cellular phone conversation plucked from the air by an NSA satellite. Intelligence gathering had never been easier. Codes intercepted by the NSA entered TRANSLTR as totally illegible ciphers and were spit out minutes later as perfectly readable cleartext. No more secrets. To make their charade of incompetence complete, the NSA lobbied fiercely against all new computer encryption software, insisting it crippled them and made it impossible for lawmakers to catch and prosecute the criminals. Civil rights groups rejoiced, insisting the NSA shouldn’t be reading their mail anyway. Encryption software kept rolling off the presses. The NSA had lost the battle-exactly as it had planned. The entire electronic global community had been fooled†¦ or so it seemed. How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 4, Essay examples

Buyer Decision-Making Process

Question: Analysis of the External and Internal Factors Affecting the Buyer Decision-Making Process. Answer: Consumers are continually developing their purchasing behavior based on various life circumstances. Consumer behavior denotes the process which buyers pass through when making purchases and it encompasses factors that affect their usage and decision (Berkowitz 2006, p.101). Various factors also influence consumers choice of retailers, the brands they buy, as well as their shopping habits. Moreover, consumers are always influenced by factors such as psychology, personality, membership faction, social cluster, subculture, and culture in their decision-making process (Rani 2014, p.54). Every consumer has to go through a process of decision-making when purchasing various products. The process has five stages including the recognition of a problem, information searching, alternatives evaluation, purchase decision, and after purchase behavior (Hoyer, Deborah Rik 2013, p.189). Every stage in the decision-making process is strongly affected by the psychological, personal, social, and cultur al characteristics of the consumers. Thus, the paper analyzes various internal and external factors that affect an individuals decision to purchase a car. Both external and internal factors work together and are inter-linked to help the buyer in making various business decisions. External Factors Consumer buying decisions are frequently influenced by factors or issues that are beyond their control. Consumers always encounter numerous external influences when making purchasing decisions such as an individuals household structure, subculture, culture, and groups that he/she relates to (Dudovskiy 2013, par.4). They are called external influences by business owners and marketers because the influence source emanates from the customers external environment. The following is a detailed analysis of the external factors that influence consumer buying behavior. Group Behavior People are known to be social by nature, and they love to relate with various groups. Groups signify more than two people who share common beliefs, norms, or values and interrelate to accomplish a mutual or individual goal (Wright 2006, p.24). It is evident that almost every consumer behavior occurs when an individual is in a grouping environment. Usually, the norms of a group cover every important aspect of the groups functioning and flouting those rules may result in penalties. Moreover, a consumers behavior of buying goods and services can be influenced by the groups nature. For example, a consumer can buy various products depending on the groups cohesiveness, how frequently they interact and membership exclusiveness. Currently, various groups are focusing on the nature of products including their uniqueness and visibility characteristics (Szwacka-Mokrzycka 2015, p.151). Groups such as reference groups serve as comparison points for a person in developing either specific or genera l attitudes, and values. For instance, some people purchase Chevrolet car brand because, in their group, it signifies power and wealth. Family A family is a group of more than two individuals related by adoption, marriage, or birth and living together. Peoples immediate family associates play a significant role in affecting their buying behavior (Rani 2014, p.53). What individuals adopt from their parents eventually becomes their culture. In essence, when a person sees something from childhood, it becomes his/her habit or lifestyle. The family is the greatest basic consumption entity for many consumer goods. For instance, if a person is used to seeing members in their family drive a Mercedes-Benz, there is the likelihood that he/she in future will purchase a Mercedes-Benz. Culture Culture affects consumers through various values and norms formed by the existing society. Culture is an extensive environmental aspect that affects consumers behavior. According to various scholars, culture is always inculcated as it can be passed from one age-group to another through institutes such as religion and family members (Rani 2014, p.55). Additionally, when culture evolves it can affect the advantages of a brand or product with novel values. Hence, culture can make it necessary to change various products if the value cannot gratify the society, for example, TV series, or movies. Culture enables marketing managers to concentrate on customs, beliefs and values shared by a specific generations members to make them suitable clients for exceptional marketing attention. Therefore, individuals from cultures that value power, wealth, and influence will definitely purchase a car that exhibits these attributes such as Audi, Chevrolet, or Mercedes Benz. Social Class Various forms of social stratification or social structure have existed in every society throughout human existence. The social class of a consumer denotes his/her standing and ranking in society. Furthermore, there are numerous factors that determine an individuals social class, for example, income, education, and occupation (Burrow Bosiljevac 2012, p.168). Income is a significant determinant of social class, but there are other factors that compliment earnings. For instance, an individuals area of residence, world-view, and cultural interests are vital factors that determine the social class of a person. Wright (2006, p.26), asserts that social class is measured on the basis of prestige, power, and relative wealth. Hence, there are various levels of the social class including the lower class, working class, middle class, and upper class. Each social class has its purchasing tendencies and lifestyle orientation. For example, the lower class likes purchasing the readily available go ods and love having a close family relationship. The working class loves newest appliances, food items, and sporting events while the middle class always go for products in fashion, home items, nice clothing, and goods associated with self-presentation. On the other hand, the upper class loves art, traveling, equipment, quality merchandise as well as recreation and expensive hobby. In this context, the brand of a car that individuals purchase greatly depends on their social standing in the society. For instance, an individual from the low socio-economic background cannot afford to purchase a Mercedes-Benz or Chevrolet because their disposable income cannot allow that to happen. Internal Factors Internal factors also known as psychological factors fall into four categories including learning, perception, motivation, needs as well as attitudes and beliefs (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). Needs Need recognition is an internal stimulus that tells an individual that there is a gap between his/her real situation and the desired and ideal one. Hence, need recognition is a significant and the foremost step in the process of purchasing any product (Rani 2014, p.56). Therefore, if a person wants to satisfy his/her need, he/she would not mind the type of car to purchase as long as it serves his/her need. Personality According to Lantos (2015, p.105), personality is a set of specific characteristics and traits of every individual. Personality encompasses the interaction of physiological and psychological characteristics that results in a persons consistent behavior. Eventually, personality materializes into various traits such as sociability, confidence, ambition, charisma, autonomy, shyness, adaptability, and curiosity. Consequently, the personality of a consumer will influence his/her purchasing habits and shopping behavior (Rani 2014, p.56). For instance, people tend to purchase car brands that reflect their personality in the society. Learning It is evident that people learn through actions. When people act, they learn. It means that an individuals behavior changes as he/she acquires experience and information (Nayeem Casidy 2015, p.70). For example, when a person has a bad experience with a product, he will not buy it in future because he has learned its shortcomings. However, if customers have a good experience with certain products they will buy them in future. Beliefs and Attitudes According to Barber Dodd (2009, p.53), beliefs are convictions that individuals have on something. Through the experiences that consumers acquire, their learning and their external influences, they develop beliefs that influence their buying behavior. On the other hand, attitude is a feeling, an evaluation of an idea or object and the tendency to take action in a particular manner toward that idea. Attitudes allow people to develop a consistent behavior against a group of same ideas or objects. Equally, attitudes and beliefs are anchored in the mind of an individual and are hard to change. Therefore, if an individual believes that Toyota is the quality car brand in the market, it becomes very tough to change his/her mind regarding the brand. Perception Perception is the procedure through which a person organizes, selects, and interprets any received information in order to take an action (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). The perception regarding any situation can decide how and if an individual will decide to do something. Experiences, personal characteristics, and beliefs of people will have varied perception regarding different products such as car brands. Motivation Motivation drives a consumer to develop a buying or purchasing behavior. Motivation involves a need expression which becomes persistent forcing the consumer to desire to satisfy the same need (Lejniece 2011, p.1276). Additionally, motivation works at the subconscious level, the reason it is hard to measure. In essence, motivation is linked to the need and is articulated in the similar classification type as described in the levels of the customer purchasing decision process (Jham Puri 2014, p.3). Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Theories Utility theory posits that decisions are made by consumers based on the outcomes they expect from the decisions they make. For this reason, consumers tend to make a decision that will maximize their well-being. For example, if a consumer intends to purchase a car, he/she would search the internet to identify the brand with the highest utility. Prospect theory, on the other hand, posits that an item is considered valuable if it is owned by few individuals in the society. To showcase class and power, an individual will prefer buying car brands such as Lexus and Mercedes-Benz. Consideration theory points out that a consumer always has a list of brands to choose from when making a purchasing decision. However, the consumer will always choose from the active brands in the market. The involvement theory argues that a brand is chosen based on its significance in the life of the consumer. For instance, individuals belonging to certain groups will favor certain brands because they denote a se nse of belonging. References Barber, N., Dodd, T., 2009. The Influence of Purchase Confidence on Information Source Selection: Implications for Hospitality Industry. FIU Hospitality Review, 2(1), pp. 37-57. Berkowitz, E.N., 2006. Essentials of Health Care Marketing. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Burrow, J., Bosiljevac, J., 2012. Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dudovskiy, J., 2013. Consumer Decision-Making Process: A Detailed Analysis. Hoyer, W.D., Deborah, J.M., Rik, P., 2013. Consumer Behavior. 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